![[photo-1607799088062-0b81388a2244.jpg]] Photo by [Mario Losereit](https://unsplash.com/@toppy73?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText) on [Unsplash](https://unsplash.com/photos/1taQazutGM4?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText) Ludwig Bertalanffy describes two types of systems: open systems and closed systems. The open systems are systems that allow interactions between its internal elements and the environment. An open system is defined as a “system in exchange of matter with its environment, presenting import and export, building-up and breaking-down of its material components”[2] (i.e. living organism). Closed systems, on the other hand, are considered to be isolated from their environment. For instance, thermodynamics applies to closed systems. The idea of open systems was further developed in his systems theory [1]. We see the question about Open and Closed systems as two **opposite Philosophies**, largely driven by the demand for access to various resources (information, influence, technology, energy etc.). This basically represents the clash inside **Consequentialism** theories, such as **Utilitarianism** (open philosophy) and **Ethical Altruism** (closed philosophy). > Great English philosopher Jeremy Bentham said “We should do what provides for the greatest good for the greatest number of people”. And as Consequentialism (moral theories) generally states “Actions are judged by the outcomes they produce” [1]. These statements are in full contrast between each other, taking into consideration NEA agreement described in the document “What the Internet Is and How to Stop Mistaking It for Something Else” written by Doc Searls and David Weinberger [4]: **N**obody Owns it **E**veryone can use it **A**nyone can improve on it The “NEA” should ideally prevent any entity from assuming power which certainly doesn’t represent today’s reality in Internet Network - Machine World [IoT] .We see this world even more than bipolar (picture below), but basic pattern is driven by open vs. close networks with various ownership levels. It’s certainly just extended battlefield of various entities which tries to take over certain information / knowledge and rule other worlds via machine systems, by creation of closed networks and different data isolation levels preventing creation of Network patterns and Open Information. ![[Pasted image 20230708135629.png|Figure 1: Open vs. Closed Philosophies]] We recognize three types of directories today (based on corresponding system): **Directory of Things** – This is IoT itself , largely represented by today’s search engines (Google.com , Bing.com) **Directory of People** – Social Networks with various focus (Facebook.com for Personal relations, LinkedIn.com for Professional relations, Ancestry.com for Family relations) **Directory of Businesses** – Industry networks are nowadays emerging from various XaaS service offerings (Cloud based) , connecting Enterprise networks together ![[Pasted image 20230708135653.png|Figure 2: Open vs. Closed Philosophies & Cloud Computing today]] Interpretation of Open vs. Closed philosophies is depicted at picture above showing generic blueprint for Cloud Types (Public, Private, Hybrid), and data examples (Google, Facebook) within shared and isolated areas – aligned with open and closed systems. The major problem we see here is the difference between internet and cloud computing philosophies. Regular Directories have a “Root”, Internet is “Net “ (various directories, which are not connected together), it’s connecting but unfortunately in order to do it we have to provide an “address” – Everything on Internet is address based / URL based today. Cloud Computing is fundamentally not an URL based, there isn’t any home page – we don’t need it in order to provide particular cloud service (The directory shouldn't be source based, it is metadata based connected via catalog, supported by semantics). Taking into consideration all stated above, we believe, new generation of Cloud Computing Services (Cloud 2.0) will wipe out dominance of directory oriented systems and will promote new level of systems based on pattern oriented Networks, which will reuse Directories (Open and Closed Networks) and combine them in various patterns (picture below). Pattern networks are aggregating semantically driven connections between 2 or more entities (directory based). Good example could be a Network of Interests (diversified by categories, connected to markets), Network of Knowledge (Science, Materials, Methods, and Frameworks) or Network of Labor (Workers, Factories, Business Models etc.). ![[Pasted image 20230708135717.png|Figure 3: Open vs. Close Philosophies & the rise of Pattern oriented Networks]] We call the **pattern driven networks** a “Free Networks”, because of their (presumably) independent behavior. They can’t be owned by a single commercial entity, caused by reusability of **Open API** which they utilize, in order to access “Directories”. They don’t own (hold) a directory data, they convert them into information (semantic based) and connect them together with additional unique **pattern based metadata**. The last stage of our Network evolution prediction is “Hub” based networks and we call them “Information Networks”. Information Networks rely on Free Networks, Open and Closed Networks as basic building blocks and represents highest philosophical level of Networking and baseline for real AI – The Machine Network. Information Networks are collection of Interconnected Hubs (similar to Neuron Centers in our Brain). These hubs (depicted below) are processing information Centers / Concentrators connected to Open Networks (patterns) and dedicated to general purposes of our civilization and supporting our general philosophy about **cyclical flows of Matter and Energy**. We believe there will be three major types of hubs: **Matter** – Our Goals (Universe, Ecosystem…) - [WoL] **Identity** – Our Identities (Civilization, Culture, Person…) - [SoR] **Activity** – Our Activities (Power, Knowledge…) - [IoT] & [CoB] ![[Pasted image 20230708135746.png|Figure 4: InfoHub - Building blocks of Information Networks]] InfoHubs are fully aligned with “NEA” philosophy, they don’t solely focus on commercial aspect (although they can refer to Patterns in Free Networks), but rather they are Evolution/Revolution oriented on survival and development of Human Kind – to avoid destruction or power overrun by any of four [[system spheres]] [#WoL, #IoT, #SoR, #CoB]. ## References [1] WIKIPEDIA: DEFINITIONS [2] L. BERTALANFFY; GENERAL SYSTEM THEORY (G. BRAZILLER NEW YORK, 1988) [3] VLADIMIR BARANEK, MARK SKILTON; THE INFOTRANCE THEORY; 04/2011 [4] DOC SEARLS AND DAVID WEINBERGER; WHAT THE INTERNET IS AND HOW TO STOP MISTAKING IT FOR SOMETHING ELSE; https://worldofends.com/ ## Related to [[System Spheres]] [[Power and Knowledge influencing Ecosystem changes]]